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to ally (together)

  • 1 ally

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    Англо-русский синонимический словарь > ally

  • 2 Ally

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    Англо-русский синонимический словарь > Ally

  • 3 ally

    تَحالَفَ \ ally: to unite; join together, esp. for war. \ حَالَفَ \ ally: to unite; join together, esp. for war. \ حَلِيف \ ally: a state that is allied to another, esp. in war; a person who helps or supports one.

    Arabic-English glossary > ally

  • 4 allier

    allier [alje]
    ➭ TABLE 7
    1. transitive verb
    [+ efforts] to combine
    2. reflexive verb
    * * *
    alje
    1.
    1) Technologie to alloy [métaux] (à, avec with)
    2) ( combiner) to combine (et, à with)
    3) ( par un mariage) to unite [something] by marriage [familles]

    2.
    s'allier verbe pronominal
    1) Politique, Armée ( s'unir) to form an alliance (avec, à with)
    2) ( s'harmoniser) [sons, couleurs] to go (well) together
    * * *
    alje vt
    1) [éléments complémentaires, couleurs] to combine
    2) POLITIQUE to ally
    3) [métaux] to alloy
    * * *
    allier verb table: plier
    A vtr
    1 Tech to alloy [métaux] (à, avec with);
    2 ( combiner) to combine (et, à with); elle réussit à allier fantaisie et rigueur dans ses œuvres she successfully combines imagination with precision in her works;
    3 ( par un mariage) to unite [sth] by marriage [familles].
    B s'allier vpr
    1 Pol, Mil ( s'unir) to form an alliance (avec, à with);
    2 ( s'harmoniser) [sons, couleurs] to go (well) together.
    [alje] verbe transitif
    1. [unir - pays, gouvernements, chefs] to unite, to ally (together) ; [ - familles] to relate ou to unite by marriage
    2. [combiner - efforts, moyens, qualités] to combine (together) ; [ - sons, couleurs, parfums] to match, to blend (together)
    ————————
    s'allier verbe pronominal intransitif
    s'allier avec un pays to ally oneself to a country, to form an alliance with a country
    (soutenu) [par le mariage - personnes] to marry ; [ - familles] to become allied ou related by marriage
    2. [se combiner - couleurs, sons, parfums] to match, to blend (together) ; [ - qualités, talents, arts] to combine, to unite (together)

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > allier

  • 5 aliarse

    • ally
    • become allies
    • form an alliance
    • form an association
    • league
    • league together
    • leaguer
    • unite in coalition

    Diccionario Técnico Español-Inglés > aliarse

  • 6 unir

    v.
    1 to join (juntar) (pedazos, habitaciones).
    unió los dos palos con una cuerda he joined o tied the two sticks together with a piece of string
    Ellos unieron las telas They joined the fabrics.
    Ellos unieron los equipos They merged the teams.
    2 to connect, to link (comunicar) (ciudades, terminales, aparatos).
    El cable une la tubería The wire connects the tubing.
    3 to combine.
    en su obra une belleza y técnica her work combines beauty with technique
    unir algo a algo to add something to something
    4 to draw together, to assemble, to unify.
    El amor une a las personas Love draws people together.
    * * *
    1 (juntar) to unite, join, join together
    2 (combinar) to combine (a, with)
    3 (enlazar) to link (a, to)
    \
    unirse en matrimonio formal to unite in marriage
    * * *
    verb
    to unite, join, link
    - unirse a
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=acercar)
    a) [+ grupos, tendencias, pueblos] to unite
    b) [sentimientos] to unite
    c) [lazos] to link, bind
    2) (=atar) [contrato] to bind
    3) (=asociar, agrupar) to combine

    el esquí de fondo une dos actividades: montañismo y esquí — cross-country skiing combines two activities: mountaineering and skiing

    4) (=conectar) [carretera, vuelo, ferrocarril] to link ( con with)
    5) [+ objetos, piezas] [gen] to join, join together; [con pegamento, celo] to stick together; [con clavos, puntas] to fasten together
    6) (Culin) [+ líquidos] to mix; [+ salsa] to blend
    7) (Com) [+ compañías, intereses] to merge
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < cables> to join; (con cola, pegamento) to stick... together; < esfuerzos> to combine

    los unió en matrimonio — (frml) he joined them in matrimony (frml)

    b) sentimientos/intereses to unite

    unida sentimentalmente a... — (period) romantically involved with...

    c) <características/cualidades/estilos> to combine
    2) ( comunicar) < lugares> to link
    3) ( fusionar) <empresas/organizaciones> to merge
    4) < salsa> to mix
    2.
    unirse v pron
    1)
    a) ( aliarse) personas/colectividades to join together
    b) características/cualidades to combine
    2) ( juntarse) caminos to converge, meet
    3) ( fusionarse) empresas/organizaciones to merge
    * * *
    = aggregate, bridge, connect, join together, link, marry, string, unite, confound, piece together, weld into/together, splice, bundle, pool, band, bind + Nombre + together, knit, knit, federate, conjoin, cement.
    Ex. You have attempted to aggregate the UDC class number incorrectly.
    Ex. BLAISE offers a variety of services bridging the cataloguing and information retrieval functions.
    Ex. Plainly, it is not always the case that there is a connection between farming and spelling, and many other documents can be identified where these subjects are not connected.
    Ex. A portfolio is a container for holding loose materials, e.g. paintings, drawings, papers, unbound sections of a book, and similar materials, consisting of two covers joined together at the back.
    Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex. At that time OCLC was already going strong, and we tried to find some backing from the State of New York and possibly from the federal government to marry those two systems.
    Ex. There is no question of stringing together simple concepts in a preferred citation order to produce a single index description of the summarized subject content of a document.
    Ex. It has become increasingly difficult to unite both categories in one union and demands for a trade union of library employees have been raised.
    Ex. The confounding of opposites is also common though, again, care has to be taken to see that we do not confound two subjects on which extensive literature exists.
    Ex. During his stay in Laputa, Captain Gulliver was very impressed by a book-writing machine which produced fragments of sentences which were dictated to scribes and later pieced together.
    Ex. The Department of Trade and Industry has undergone many changes over the years; it has been split into two separate departments and welded together again.
    Ex. A filmloop is a short length of film enclosed in a cassette and with the end of the film spliced on to the beginning so that it requires no rewinding.
    Ex. CD-ROM products that combine, or bundle, related information services will be at the forefront because of their usefulness to end-users.
    Ex. The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex. The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.
    Ex. People value the public library highly as an educational and community resource and the library acts as an 'information junction' to bind the community together.
    Ex. I want to knit that to another Internet format, which is the Web log -- the 'blog'.
    Ex. I want to knit that to another Internet format, which is the Web log -- the 'blog'.
    Ex. The usefulness of the many online periodicals and scientific digital libraries that exist today is limited by the inability to federate these resources through a unified interface.
    Ex. The grotesque is an effect achieved by conjoining disparate framents which do not realistically belong together.
    Ex. An in-house bulletin may serve to cement firm relationships with the library's personnel.
    ----
    * conseguir unir = rally.
    * unir a = tie (to), couple with.
    * unir esfuerzos = join + hands.
    * unir fuerzas = join + forces, pool + forces.
    * unir inextricablemente = interweave.
    * unir mediante espigas = tenon.
    * unir mediante hiperenlaces = hotlink [hot-link].
    * unir mediante mortaja = mortise.
    * unirse = come together, partner, bond, stand up as + one.
    * unirse a = ally with, join, hop on, join + Posesivo + ranks.
    * unirse a una conversación = chime in.
    * unirse en matrimonio = tie + the knot.
    * unir sin solapar = butt together.
    * volverse a unir a = rejoin.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) < cables> to join; (con cola, pegamento) to stick... together; < esfuerzos> to combine

    los unió en matrimonio — (frml) he joined them in matrimony (frml)

    b) sentimientos/intereses to unite

    unida sentimentalmente a... — (period) romantically involved with...

    c) <características/cualidades/estilos> to combine
    2) ( comunicar) < lugares> to link
    3) ( fusionar) <empresas/organizaciones> to merge
    4) < salsa> to mix
    2.
    unirse v pron
    1)
    a) ( aliarse) personas/colectividades to join together
    b) características/cualidades to combine
    2) ( juntarse) caminos to converge, meet
    3) ( fusionarse) empresas/organizaciones to merge
    * * *
    = aggregate, bridge, connect, join together, link, marry, string, unite, confound, piece together, weld into/together, splice, bundle, pool, band, bind + Nombre + together, knit, knit, federate, conjoin, cement.

    Ex: You have attempted to aggregate the UDC class number incorrectly.

    Ex: BLAISE offers a variety of services bridging the cataloguing and information retrieval functions.
    Ex: Plainly, it is not always the case that there is a connection between farming and spelling, and many other documents can be identified where these subjects are not connected.
    Ex: A portfolio is a container for holding loose materials, e.g. paintings, drawings, papers, unbound sections of a book, and similar materials, consisting of two covers joined together at the back.
    Ex: These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex: At that time OCLC was already going strong, and we tried to find some backing from the State of New York and possibly from the federal government to marry those two systems.
    Ex: There is no question of stringing together simple concepts in a preferred citation order to produce a single index description of the summarized subject content of a document.
    Ex: It has become increasingly difficult to unite both categories in one union and demands for a trade union of library employees have been raised.
    Ex: The confounding of opposites is also common though, again, care has to be taken to see that we do not confound two subjects on which extensive literature exists.
    Ex: During his stay in Laputa, Captain Gulliver was very impressed by a book-writing machine which produced fragments of sentences which were dictated to scribes and later pieced together.
    Ex: The Department of Trade and Industry has undergone many changes over the years; it has been split into two separate departments and welded together again.
    Ex: A filmloop is a short length of film enclosed in a cassette and with the end of the film spliced on to the beginning so that it requires no rewinding.
    Ex: CD-ROM products that combine, or bundle, related information services will be at the forefront because of their usefulness to end-users.
    Ex: The results of two studies of the way reference librarians work were pooled to provide an understanding of the important features necessary in software for computerized reference work.
    Ex: The author advises banding retention policies to focus on a few clear options.
    Ex: People value the public library highly as an educational and community resource and the library acts as an 'information junction' to bind the community together.
    Ex: I want to knit that to another Internet format, which is the Web log -- the 'blog'.
    Ex: I want to knit that to another Internet format, which is the Web log -- the 'blog'.
    Ex: The usefulness of the many online periodicals and scientific digital libraries that exist today is limited by the inability to federate these resources through a unified interface.
    Ex: The grotesque is an effect achieved by conjoining disparate framents which do not realistically belong together.
    Ex: An in-house bulletin may serve to cement firm relationships with the library's personnel.
    * conseguir unir = rally.
    * unir a = tie (to), couple with.
    * unir esfuerzos = join + hands.
    * unir fuerzas = join + forces, pool + forces.
    * unir inextricablemente = interweave.
    * unir mediante espigas = tenon.
    * unir mediante hiperenlaces = hotlink [hot-link].
    * unir mediante mortaja = mortise.
    * unirse = come together, partner, bond, stand up as + one.
    * unirse a = ally with, join, hop on, join + Posesivo + ranks.
    * unirse a una conversación = chime in.
    * unirse en matrimonio = tie + the knot.
    * unir sin solapar = butt together.
    * volverse a unir a = rejoin.

    * * *
    unir [I1 ]
    vt
    A
    1
    «persona»: unió los trozos con un pegamento she stuck the pieces together with glue
    unió los cables con cinta aislante he joined the wires with insulating tape
    ha unido dos estilos muy diferentes he has combined two very different styles
    el sacerdote los unió en matrimonio ( frml); the priest joined them in matrimony ( frml)
    unamos nuestros esfuerzos let us combine our efforts
    2 «sentimientos/intereses» to unite
    los unía el deseo de … they were united by their desire to …
    los une su afición al deporte their love of sport binds them together o acts as a bond between them o unites them
    el amor que nos une the love which unites us
    unida sentimentalmente a … ( period); romantically involved with …
    3 ‹características/cualidades› unir algo A algo to combine sth WITH sth
    une a su inteligencia una gran madurez he combines intelligence with great maturity
    B (comunicar) to link
    la nueva carretera une los dos pueblos the new road links the two towns
    el puente aéreo que une las dos ciudades the shuttle service which runs between o links the two cities
    C ‹salsa› to mix
    ■ unirse
    A
    1 (aliarse) «personas/colectividades» to join together
    se unieron para hacer un frente común they joined forces o united in a common cause
    los dos países se unieron en una federación the two countries joined together to form a federation
    se unieron en matrimonio they were married, they were joined in matrimony ( frml)
    varias empresas se unieron para formar un consorcio several companies joined together o came together o combined to form a consortium
    unirse A algo:
    se unió a nuestra causa he joined our cause
    2 «características/cualidades» to combine
    en él se unen la ambición y el orgullo ambition and pride come together o combine in him, he combines ambition with pride
    a su belleza se une una gran simpatía her beauty is combined with a very likable personality
    B (juntarse) «caminos» to converge, meet
    donde el tráfico del oeste se une con el del norte where traffic from the west converges with o meets traffic from the north
    * * *

     

    unir ( conjugate unir) verbo transitivo
    1
    a) ‹ cables› to join;

    (con cola, pegamento) to stick … together;
    ‹ esfuerzos› to combine
    b) [sentimientos/intereses] to unite

    c) ‹características/cualidades/estilos› to combine;

    unir algo a algo to combine sth with sth
    2 ( comunicar) ‹ lugares› to link
    3 ( fusionar) ‹empresas/organizaciones› to merge
    unirse verbo pronominal
    1 ( aliarse) [personas/colectividades] to join together;

    2 ( juntarse) [ caminos] to converge, meet
    3 ( fusionarse) [empresas/organizaciones] to merge
    unir verbo transitivo
    1 (cables, conexiones) to join, unite
    2 (esfuerzos, intereses) to join
    (asociar, fusionar) unieron sus empresas, they merged their companies
    3 (comunicar) to link: ese camino une las dos aldeas, that path links the two villages
    ' unir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acercar
    - casar
    - empalmar
    - fundir
    - juntar
    - ligar
    - remachar
    - vincular
    English:
    bond
    - cement
    - connect
    - couple
    - join
    - join up
    - link
    - neither
    - screw together
    - stick together
    - unite
    - yoke
    - amalgamate
    - bring
    - marry
    - reunite
    - splice
    - unify
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [juntar] [pedazos, piezas, habitaciones] to join;
    [empresas, estados, facciones] to unite; Informát [archivos] to merge;
    unió los dos palos con una cuerda he joined o tied the two sticks with a piece of string;
    debemos unir fuerzas we must combine forces
    2. [relacionar] [personas]
    aquella experiencia les unió mucho that experience made them very close;
    les une una fuerte amistad they are very close friends, they share a very close friendship;
    les une su pasión por la música they share a passion for music;
    los lazos que nos unen the ties that bind us;
    Formal
    unir a dos personas en (santo) matrimonio to join two people in (holy) matrimony
    3. [comunicar] [ciudades, terminales, aparatos] to connect, to link;
    la línea férrea que une la capital a o [m5] con la costa the railway o US railroad between o which links the capital and the coast
    4. [combinar] to combine;
    en su obra une belleza y técnica her work combines beauty with technique;
    unir algo a algo [añadir] to add sth to sth;
    a la desinformación hay que unir también el desinterés de la gente in addition to the lack of information, we have to take into account people's lack of interest
    5. [mezclar] to mix o blend in;
    una la mantequilla con el azúcar cream together the butter and the sugar
    * * *
    v/t
    1 join
    2 personas unite
    3 características combine ( con with)
    4 ciudades link
    * * *
    unir vt
    1) juntar: to unite, to join, to link
    2) combinar: to combine, to blend
    * * *
    unir vb
    1. (juntar) to join
    2. (comunicar) to link
    3. (relacionar) to unite

    Spanish-English dictionary > unir

  • 7 coëō

        coëō īvī or iī, itus, īre    [com- + eo], to go together, come together, meet, assemble, collect: in Piraeo, T.: matronae ad Venturiam frequentes coëunt, L.: quo populus coibat, H.: certis diebus (ad concilium), Ta.: milia crabronum, O.: populi legationibus coëunt, by their representatives, Ta.— To come together in battle, meet, encounter: inter se, V.: agmina, Cu.: cetera turba coit, joins in the attack, O.—To come together, be united, gather, unite, combine: coëundi in unum spatium, L.: manus coit omnis in unum, V.: qui unā coierunt, Cs.: ut coëat par Iungaturque pari, H.: amnes in artius coëunt, Cu.: membra, O.: coit formidine sanguis, congeals, V.: digiti coëunt, grow together, O.: volnera coiere mea, have closed, Pr.: Inter se capita (arcūs), V.: ut placidis coëant immitia, H.: memini nobis verba coisse, to have been exchanged, Pr.—Fig., to unite, join together, assimilate, combine, agree, ally oneself, conspire: cum hoc: principes tum unā coierunt, Cs.: in foedera dextrae, V.—Of a marriage contract: taedae quoque iure coissent, O.: conubio, nuptiis, Cu.: cum captivā, Cu.: Hac gener atque socer coëant mercede suorum, i. e. in the marriage, V.—With societatem, to enter into partnership, make a compact, become an ally, associate, form a league: societatem laboris: cum Caesare societatem: cum Lacedaemoniis, N.: societatem sceleris: ad eam rem societas coitur.
    * * *
    coire, coivi(ii), coitus V
    fit together; have sexual intercourse; collect/gather (fluid); meet; rally; enter agreement; unite/assemble/conspire; come/go together; mend/knit (wound)

    Latin-English dictionary > coëō

  • 8 vereinigen

    I v/t
    1. unite, join; (verbinden) combine ( auch in sich vereinigen); (zusammenschließen) integrate (in + Dat within); zwei Ämter in einer Person vereinigen have one person holding two posts (bes. Am. positions); die Mehrheit der Stimmen auf sich vereinigen win a majority of the vote; die Feier hat die Familie mal wieder vereinigt the celebration brought the family together again
    2. WIRTS. (fusionieren) amalgamate, consolidate, merge (zu into)
    3. (Staaten) unify; (wiedervereinigen) reunify
    II v/refl
    1. unite, join
    2. WIRTS. (fusionieren) merge
    3. Flüsse etc.: meet, merge
    4. POL. unite; Staat: become unified; (sich wiedervereinigen) become reunified
    5. (versammeln) assemble, gather; bes. POL., MIL. rally
    * * *
    to unite; to confederate; to unify; to combine; to join; to associate; to amalgamate; to fuse; to incorporate;
    sich vereinigen
    to ally; to unite
    * * *
    ver|ei|ni|gen ptp vereinigt
    1. vt
    to unite; Kräfte auch to combine; Eigenschaften to bring together; (COMM ) Firmen to merge (zu into); Kapital to pool

    Schönheit mit Intelligenz (in sich dat) veréínigen — to combine beauty with intelligence

    die beiden Standpunkte lassen sich nicht veréínigen — the two points of view are incompatible

    Freunde um sich veréínigen — to gather friends around one

    veréínigen — to collect all the votes

    2. vr
    to unite; (= sich verbünden auch) to join forces; (Firmen) to merge; (= zusammenkommen) to combine; (Töne) to blend; (Flüsse) to meet; (Zellen etc) to fuse; (= sich versammeln) to assemble; (geh geschlechtlich) to come together

    sich zu einem harmonischen Ganzen veréínigen — to merge into a harmonious whole

    sich zu einer Koalition veréínigen — to form a coalition

    * * *
    1) (to combine into a single whole: The country consisted of several small states and was unified only recently.) unify
    2) (to join together, or to make or become one: England and Scotland were united under one parliament in 1707; He was united with his friends again.) unite
    * * *
    ver·ei·ni·gen *
    ▪ etw [zu etw dat] \vereinigen to unite [or combine] [to form sth]
    Staaten \vereinigen to unite states
    Firmen/Organisationen \vereinigen to merge firms/organizations
    II. vr
    ▪ sich akk [zu etw dat] \vereinigen to merge [to form sth]
    ▪ sich akk [zu etw dat] \vereinigen to meet [to form sth]
    die beiden Flüsse \vereinigen sich zur Weser the two rivers meet to form the Weser
    * * *
    1.
    transitives Verb unite; merge < businesses>; (zusammenfassen) bring together
    2.
    reflexives Verb unite; <organizations, firms> merge; (fig.) be combined
    * * *
    A. v/t
    1. unite, join; (verbinden) combine ( auch
    in +dat within);
    zwei Ämter in einer Person vereinigen have one person holding two posts (besonders US positions);
    die Feier hat die Familie mal wieder vereinigt the celebration brought the family together again
    2. WIRTSCH (fusionieren) amalgamate, consolidate, merge (
    zu into)
    3. (Staaten) unify; (wiedervereinigen) reunify
    B. v/r
    1. unite, join
    2. WIRTSCH (fusionieren) merge
    3. Flüsse etc: meet, merge
    4. POL unite; Staat: become unified; (sich wiedervereinigen) become reunified
    5. (versammeln) assemble, gather; besonders POL, MIL rally
    6.
    sich (
    vereinigen liter couple
    * * *
    1.
    transitives Verb unite; merge < businesses>; (zusammenfassen) bring together
    2.
    reflexives Verb unite; <organizations, firms> merge; (fig.) be combined
    * * *
    v.
    to ally v.
    to amalgamate v.
    to associate v.
    to confederate v.
    to fuse v.
    to incorporate v.
    to rejoin v.
    to unite v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > vereinigen

  • 9 liittoutua

    yks.nom. liittoutua; yks.gen. liittoudun; yks.part. liittoutui; yks.ill. liittoutuisi; mon.gen. liittoutukoon; mon.part. liittoutunut; mon.ill. liittouduttiin
    ally (verb)
    ally themselves (verb)
    be leagued together (verb)
    confederate (verb)
    enter into alliance (verb)
    form an alliance (verb)
    gang up (verb)
    join forces (verb)
    league (verb)
    * * *
    • unite
    • enter into alliance
    • form an alliance
    • gang up
    • join forces
    • join
    • consociate
    • league
    • unify
    • collaborate
    • confederate
    • affiliate
    • ally oneself
    • ally
    • associate
    • be leagued together

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > liittoutua

  • 10 объединяться

    1) General subject: align, aline, ally, amalgamate, associate (в общество, блок, союз), band, band (в организацию), bander (в организацию), bandy, club, coalesce (о людях), combinate, combine, consociate, consolidate, foregather, forgather, fuse, get together, go in, herd with (с кем-л.), incorporate, join, join hands, join together, knit, league, line up (с кем-л.), line up with (smb.) (с кем-л.), meld (особ. о предприятиях), piece, rally, rally round, rally up, side, solder, team, team up, tie up, unite, unite with (smb.) (с кем-л.), co-operate, get together on a point, hold together, organise, group together, join forces (with), ally oneself with
    2) Obsolete: troop
    3) Religion: become combined
    6) Diplomatic term: side (с кем-л.)
    7) Psychology: cohere, fraternize (по-братски), pool, syncretize
    9) Information technology: aggregate
    11) Business: cooperate
    12) Makarov: embody (в акционерное общество и т.п.), group, imbody (в акционерное общество и т.п.), organize, pack, come together
    13) Idiomatic expression: join ranks

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > объединяться

  • 11 Verbindung

    f
    1. union (auch Ehe), bond; (Zusammenschluss, Vereinigung mehrerer Eigenschaften) combination; (von Ideen) association; (Zusammenhang) connection; im Text: context; (Beziehung, auch WIRTS.) relations Pl., contact ( beide zu with); JUR. bond; in Verbindung mit combined with; in connection with, in conjunction with; eine Verbindung eingehen join together, unite; Dinge: combine, unite; (sich verbünden) ally, form an alliance ( alle mit with); Verbindungen knüpfen make contacts; eine Verbindung herstellen mit, sich in Verbindung setzen mit contact, get in touch with; in Verbindung bleiben keep in touch; die Verbindung verlieren lose touch; in Verbindung bringen mit fig. associate with; in Verbindung stehen mit be in touch ( oder contact) with; einer Sache: be connected with; eine Verbindung zwischen Rauchen und Krebs a link between smoking and cancer; die Verbindung einer beweglichen Sache mit einem Grundstück JUR. the binding of mov(e)able property to a piece of land ( oder personal to real property)
    2. (Verkehrsverbindung) communication; eine direkte / günstige Verbindung nach Basel etc. a direct / good connection to Basle (Am. Basel) etc.; alle Verbindungen ausdrucken print out all the connections; die einzige Verbindung zur Insel etc. the only connection to the island etc.; eine Verbindung herstellen mit per Funk etc.: establish communication with; keine Verbindung bekommen mit TELEF. etc. not get through to; die Verbindung ist sehr schlecht TELEF. etc. the line is very bad
    3. CHEM. compound
    4. TECH. UND TELEF. connection; (Verbindungsstelle) junction, joint
    5. EDV connection, link; keine Verbindung mit dem Server etc. bekommen fail to get connected to the serv- er
    6. studentische: student society, Am. fraternity; für Studentinnen: sorority; schlagende / nicht schlagende Verbindung duelling / non-duelling society (Am. fraternity)
    * * *
    die Verbindung
    (Bündnis) alliance;
    (Kombination) combination;
    (Kontakt) contact;
    (Studentenverein) fraternity;
    (Telefonverbindung) connection;
    (Zusammenhang) connection; connexion;
    * * *
    Ver|bịn|dung
    f
    1) connection; (= Kontakt) contact (zu, mit with)

    jdn/etw mit etw in Verbindung bringen — to connect sb/sth with sth

    er/sein Name wurde mit dem Mord/der Affäre in Verbindung gebracht — he/his name was mentioned in connection with the murder/the affair

    seine Verbindungen spielen lassen — to use one's connections, to pull a few strings (inf)

    die Verbindung aufrechterhalten — to maintain contact; (esp zwischen Freunden) to keep in touch or contact

    sich (mit jdm) in Verbindung setzen, (mit jdm) in Verbindung treten — to get in touch or contact (with sb), to contact sb

    mit jdm in Verbindung stehen, mit jdm Verbindung haben — to be in touch or contact with sb

    2) (= Verkehrsverbindung) connection (nach to)
    3) (TELEC = Anschluss) line
    4) (MIL) contact; (durch Funk etc) communication; (= Zusammenarbeit) liaison

    Verbindung aufnehmen — to make contact, to establish communication

    5) (= Kombination) combination
    6) (= Vereinigung, Bündnis) association; (ehelich) union; (UNIV) society; (für Männer auch) ≈ fraternity (US); (für Frauen auch) ≈ sorority (US)

    eine schlagende/nicht schlagende Verbindung (Univ) — a duelling (Brit) or dueling (US)/nonduelling (Brit) or nondueling (US) fraternity

    7) (CHEM) (= Prozess) combination; (= Ergebnis) compound (aus (formed out) of)

    eine Verbindung mit etw eingehen — to form a compound with sth, to combine with sth

    * * *
    die
    1) (a place where two things are joined: You can hardly see the joins in the material.) join
    2) (an association of trading companies: a large manufacturing combine.) combine
    3) ((a) state of being connected or related: My connection with their family is very slight; I wish to talk to you in connection with my daughter's career.) connection
    4) (communication: I've lost contact with all my old friends; We have succeeded in making (radio) contact with the ship; How can I get in contact with him?) contact
    5) (a person or thing that provides a means of communicating with someone: His radio is his only contact with the outside world.) contact
    6) (a link for joining things together: The railway carriage was damaged when the coupling broke.) coupling
    7) (a close joining together: the marriage of his skill and her judgement.) marriage
    8) (the state of being united, eg in marriage, friendship etc: Their marriage was a perfect union.) union
    * * *
    Ver·bin·dung
    f
    \Verbindung [mit jdm] aufnehmen to contact [or get in touch with] sb
    [mit jdm] in \Verbindung bleiben to keep in touch [with sb]
    \Verbindung[en] mit [o zu] jdm/etw haben to have connections pl with sb/sth
    sich akk [mit jdm] in \Verbindung setzen to contact [or get in touch with] sb
    seine \Verbindungen spielen lassen (fam) to [try and] pull a few strings
    [mit jdm/miteinander] in \Verbindung stehen to be in [or have] contact [with sb/each other]
    [mit jdm] in \Verbindung treten to contact sb
    2. (Bündnis) alliance; (Vereinigung) association; (Ehe) union
    ▪ in \Verbindung mit jdm/etw in association with sb/sth
    eine \Verbindung eingehen to unite
    die beiden Parteien gingen eine \Verbindung ein the two parties joined forces
    eine eheliche \Verbindung eingehen to join in marriage
    die [telefonische] \Verbindung nach Tokio war sehr schlecht the [telephone] line to [or connection with] Tokyo was very poor
    ich bekomme keine \Verbindung I can't get a connection [or line], I can't get through
    unsere \Verbindung wurde unterbrochen we were cut off
    \Verbindung aufnehmen (per Funk) to make contact, to establish communication
    eine/keine \Verbindung [irgendwohin] bekommen to get through/not to be able to get through [to somewhere]
    4. LUFT, BAHN (Verkehrsverbindung) connection
    was ist die beste \Verbindung [mit dem Zug] zwischen Hamburg und Dresden? what's the best way to get from Hamburg to Dresden [by train]?
    direkte \Verbindung [nach...] direct connection [to...]
    es gibt eine direkte \Verbindung mit dem Zug nach Kopenhagen there's a through train to Copenhagen
    eine direkte \Verbindung mit dem Flugzeug gibt es leider nicht I'm afraid there isn't a direct flight
    5. TRANSP (Verbindungsweg) connection, link
    6. (Verknüpfung) combination
    in \Verbindung mit etw dat in conjunction with sth
    die Eintrittskarte gilt nur in \Verbindung mit dem Personalausweis this entrance ticket is only valid [together] with your ID card
    in \Verbindung mit dem Einkauf hat sich dieser Besuch gelohnt combined with the shopping trip this visit was well worth it
    7. (Zusammenhang) connection
    in \Verbindung mit in connection with
    jdn/etw mit jdm/etw in \Verbindung bringen to connect sb/sth with sb/sth
    mit etw dat in \Verbindung stehen to be connected with sth
    8. (Berührung) contact
    [mit etw dat] in \Verbindung stehen to be in contact [or touch] with sth
    eine \Verbindung zwischen zwei Dingen herstellen to connect two things
    9. TECH (Berührungsstelle) connection, joint; von Leitungen junction
    10. CHEM (Stoff) compound
    [mit etw dat] eine \Verbindung eingehen to combine [or form a compound] [with sth]
    eine \Verbindung aus zwei Stoffen a compound formed out of two substances
    11. SCH (Korporation) [student] society BRIT; (für Männer) fraternity AM; (für Frauen) sorority AM
    schlagende/nicht schlagende \Verbindung duelling/non-duelling fraternity
    * * *
    2) (Zusammenhalt) join; connection
    4) (durch Telefon, Funk) connection
    5) (VerkehrsVerbindung) connection ( nach to)

    die Verbindung zur Außenwelt — connections pl. with the outside world

    6) (Kombination) combination
    7) (Bündnis) association

    eheliche Verbindung — (geh.) marriage

    8) (Kontakt) contact

    sich mit jemandem in Verbindung setzen, Verbindung mit jemandem aufnehmen — get in touch or contact with somebody; contact somebody

    9) (Zusammenhang) connection
    11) (Chemie) compound
    * * *
    1. union (auch Ehe), bond; (Zusammenschluss, Vereinigung mehrerer Eigenschaften) combination; (von Ideen) association; (Zusammenhang) connection; im Text: context; (Beziehung, auch WIRTSCH) relations pl, contact ( beide
    zu with); JUR bond;
    in Verbindung mit combined with; in connection with, in conjunction with;
    eine Verbindung eingehen join together, unite; Dinge: combine, unite; (sich verbünden) ally, form an alliance ( alle
    mit with);
    Verbindungen knüpfen make contacts;
    eine Verbindung herstellen mit, sich in Verbindung setzen mit contact, get in touch with;
    in Verbindung bleiben keep in touch;
    in Verbindung bringen mit fig associate with;
    in Verbindung stehen mit be in touch ( oder contact) with; einer Sache: be connected with;
    eine Verbindung zwischen Rauchen und Krebs a link between smoking and cancer;
    die Verbindung einer beweglichen Sache mit einem Grundstück JUR the binding of mov(e)able property to a piece of land ( oder personal to real property)
    2. (Verkehrsverbindung) communication;
    eine direkte/günstige Verbindung nach Basel etc a direct/good connection to Basle (US Basel) etc;
    alle Verbindungen ausdrucken print out all the connections;
    die einzige Verbindung zur Insel etc the only connection to the island etc;
    eine Verbindung herstellen mit per Funk etc: establish communication with;
    keine Verbindung bekommen mit TEL etc not get through to;
    die Verbindung ist sehr schlecht TEL etc the line is very bad
    3. CHEM compound
    4. TECH und TEL connection; (Verbindungsstelle) junction, joint
    5. IT connection, link;
    bekommen fail to get connected to the serv-er
    6. studentische: student society, US fraternity; für Studentinnen: sorority;
    schlagende/nicht schlagende Verbindung duelling/non-duelling society (US fraternity)
    * * *
    2) (Zusammenhalt) join; connection
    4) (durch Telefon, Funk) connection
    5) (VerkehrsVerbindung) connection ( nach to)

    die Verbindung zur Außenwelt — connections pl. with the outside world

    6) (Kombination) combination
    7) (Bündnis) association

    eheliche Verbindung — (geh.) marriage

    8) (Kontakt) contact

    sich mit jemandem in Verbindung setzen, Verbindung mit jemandem aufnehmen — get in touch or contact with somebody; contact somebody

    9) (Zusammenhang) connection
    11) (Chemie) compound
    * * *
    f.
    alliance n.
    association n.
    catenation n.
    chaining n.
    compound n.
    concatenation n.
    conjunction n.
    connection n.
    connectivity n.
    connexion (UK) n.
    fusion n.
    incorporation n.
    interconnection n.
    interface n.
    joint n.
    junction n.
    liaison n.
    link n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Verbindung

  • 12 relacionar

    v.
    1 to relate, to connect.
    estar bien relacionado to be well-connected
    2 to list, to enumerate.
    * * *
    1 (poner en relación) to relate, connect, associate
    2 (relatar) to tell, list
    1 (estar conectado) to be related ( con, to), be connected ( con, with)
    2 (alternar) to get acquainted ( con, with), mix ( con, with), meet ( con, -)
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=asociar) to connect ( con with)
    2) (=enumerar) to list
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( conectar) to relate

    relacionar algo a o con algo — to relate something to something

    2) ( hacer una lista) to list
    2.
    relacionarse v pron
    a)

    relacionarse CON algo — con tema/asunto to be related to something

    * * *
    = link, relate, tie together, correlate, link up.
    Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex. A 'see also' reference connects headings or index terms which are in some way related, where both of the headings are regarded as acceptable for use as headings for entries.
    Ex. Time is automatically recorded to tie the two records together.
    Ex. The availability of foreign scientific and technical journals in the country and the frequency of interloan requests are directly correlated.
    Ex. The first word, 'communication,' should be familiar to librarians since we are in the business of getting across, linking up, in this age of enlightenment.
    ----
    * estar directamente relacionado con = be directly correlated to.
    * relacionar con = relate to.
    * relacionarse = interact (with), mingle (with), socialise [socialize, -USA].
    * relacionarse con = ally with, tie in (with), become + allied with, become + engaged (in/with), engage with.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) ( conectar) to relate

    relacionar algo a o con algo — to relate something to something

    2) ( hacer una lista) to list
    2.
    relacionarse v pron
    a)

    relacionarse CON algo — con tema/asunto to be related to something

    * * *
    = link, relate, tie together, correlate, link up.

    Ex: These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.

    Ex: A 'see also' reference connects headings or index terms which are in some way related, where both of the headings are regarded as acceptable for use as headings for entries.
    Ex: Time is automatically recorded to tie the two records together.
    Ex: The availability of foreign scientific and technical journals in the country and the frequency of interloan requests are directly correlated.
    Ex: The first word, 'communication,' should be familiar to librarians since we are in the business of getting across, linking up, in this age of enlightenment.
    * estar directamente relacionado con = be directly correlated to.
    * relacionar con = relate to.
    * relacionarse = interact (with), mingle (with), socialise [socialize, -USA].
    * relacionarse con = ally with, tie in (with), become + allied with, become + engaged (in/with), engage with.

    * * *
    relacionar [A1 ]
    vt
    A (conectar) to relate
    es incapaz de relacionar ideas he is incapable of relating o linking ideas
    si relacionamos los dos sucesos if we take the two events together, if we link the two events
    los trenes que se relacionan a continuación the trains which are listed below, the following trains
    1 relacionarse CON algo ‹con un tema/un asunto› to be related to sth
    2 «persona»: relacionarse CON algn; to mix WITH sb
    no se relaciona con niños de su edad he doesn't mix with o have contact with children of his own age
    * * *

     

    relacionar ( conjugate relacionar) verbo transitivo ( conectar) to relate, connect;
    relacionar algo a o con algo to relate o connect sth to sth
    relacionarse verbo pronominal
    a) relacionarse CON algo ‹con tema/asunto› to be related to sth

    b) [ persona] relacionarse CON algn to mix with sb

    relacionar verbo transitivo
    1 (una cosa, persona, etc, con otra) to relate, link [con, to]
    2 (hacer un listado) to list
    ' relacionar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    hilar
    - hilvanar
    - ligar
    - referir
    - vincular
    - conectar
    English:
    associate
    - connect
    - relate
    - link
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [vincular] to relate ( con to), to connect ( con with);
    estar bien relacionado to be well connected;
    la policía relacionó la explosión con las protestas contra los experimentos con animales the police linked the explosion to the protests against animal experiments
    2. [enumerar] to list, to enumerate
    * * *
    v/t relate ( con to), connect ( con with)
    * * *
    : to relate, to connect
    * * *
    relacionar vb to relate

    Spanish-English dictionary > relacionar

  • 13 соединяться

    1) General subject: agglutinate, ally (with, to) (договором, союзом, браком; тж. to ally oneself), amalgamate, articulate, associate, coalesce, combinate, commingle, conjoin, conjugate, connect, couple, incorporate, inosculate, interlock, intermix, join, knit, link, merge, mix, pair, reunite, solder, tie in, unite, weave, ally, ally oneself, ally oneself (договором, браком)
    2) Geology: interflow
    3) Aviation: band, yoke
    4) Naval: contact
    5) Obsolete: troop
    6) Military: join hands
    7) Engineering: engage
    8) Chemistry: aggregate
    9) Construction: join together
    10) Mathematics: juxtapose
    11) Railway term: merge (о путях)
    12) Economy: fuse
    13) Automobile industry: joint
    14) Architecture: to linkup
    15) Information technology: get connected
    16) Automation: (при) joint
    17) Plastics: combine
    18) Makarov: adjoin, ally (with, to) (договором, союзом, браком), blend, cohere, interconnect, interlace, join (объединяться), join (сливаться), link up, marry, come into gear, connect to, connect with

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > соединяться

  • 14 yhdistää

    yks.nom. yhdistää; yks.gen. yhdistän; yks.part. yhdisti; yks.ill. yhdistäisi; mon.gen. yhdistäköön; mon.part. yhdistänyt; mon.ill. yhdistettiin
    link together aggregate (verb)
    ally (verb)
    associate (verb)
    attach (verb)
    brace (verb)
    combine (verb)
    compact (verb)
    compound (verb)
    conjoin (verb)
    connect (verb)
    consolidate (verb)
    couple (verb)
    incorporate (verb)
    join (verb)
    knit (verb)
    league (verb)
    link (verb)
    link up (verb)
    mate (verb)
    merge (verb)
    mix (verb)
    piece (verb)
    unify (verb)
    unite (verb)
    with (prep)
    * * *
    • bind
    • compound
    • couple
    • consolidate
    • connect
    • conjoin
    • add
    • combine
    • bring together
    • engage
    • brace
    • compact
    • attach
    • associate
    • annex
    • amalgamate
    • ally
    • aggregate
    • affiliate
    • relate
    • bring... together
    • with
    • unify
    • unite
    • collapse
    • put... through
    • fuse
    • pool
    • piece
    • mix
    • merge
    • mate
    • links
    • link
    • put through
    • link up
    • link together
    • league
    • knit
    • join
    • interconnect
    • integrate
    • incorporate

    Suomi-Englanti sanakirja > yhdistää

  • 15 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 16 verbinden

    (unreg.)
    I v/t
    1. (zusammenbinden) tie (together); (Getrenntes) connect ( mit with, to); (vereinigen) join, unite; (kombinieren) combine; angenehm
    3. MED. (Wunde) dress, bandage; (jemanden) bandage s.o. up
    4. TELEF.: jemanden verbinden put s.o. through ( mit to); ich verbinde hold the line, please
    5. TECH. connect, couple, link; CHEM. combine; EDV connect
    6. (assoziieren) associate
    7. emotional: uns verbindet vieles we have a lot in common; mich verbindet einiges mit dieser Gegend I have several ties with this area; was verbindet dich mit dieser Stadt? what connections do you have with this town?; die beiden verbindet eine enge Freundschaft they are bound by close friendship; verbunden
    II v/refl combine (auch CHEM.), be combined; in ihm verbinden sich Kraft und Schnelligkeit etc. he (bzw. it) is a combination of power and speed etc.; sich ( mit jemandem) ehelich verbinden förm. enter into (holy) matrimony (with s.o.)
    * * *
    (Telefon) to connect; to put through;
    (Wunde) to dress; to bandage; to strap;
    (kombinieren) to link; to associate; to combine; to link up;
    (vereinigen) to conjoin; to join; to unite;
    (zusammenbinden) to bind together; to bind; to tie;
    sich verbinden
    to conjoin; to unite; to ally; to connect
    * * *
    ver|bịn|den ptp verbu\#nden irreg [fɛɐ'bʊndn]
    1. vt
    1) (MED) to dress; (mit Binden) to bandage
    2) (= verknüpfen, in Kontakt bringen) (lit, fig) to connect, to link; Punkte to join (up)
    3) (TELEC)

    ich verbinde! — I'll put you through, I'll connect you

    (Sie sind hier leider) falsch verbunden! — (I'm sorry, you've got the) wrong number!

    4) (= gleichzeitig haben or tun, anschließen) to combine
    5) (= assoziieren) to associate
    6)

    (= mit sich bringen) mit etw verbunden sein — to involve sth

    die damit verbundenen Kosten/Gefahren etc — the costs/dangers etc involved

    7) (emotional) Menschen to unite, to join together

    freundschaftlich/in Liebe verbunden sein (geh) — to be united or joined together in friendship/love

    2. vr
    1) (= zusammenkommen) to combine (AUCH CHEM) (mit with, zu to form), to join (together); (= sich zusammentun) to join forces

    sich ehelich/in Liebe/Freundschaft verbinden (geh) — to join together in marriage/love/friendship

    2) (= assoziiert werden) to be associated; (= hervorgerufen werden) to be evoked (mit by)
    3. vi
    (emotional) to form a bond
    * * *
    1) (to connect in the mind: He always associated the smell of tobacco with his father.) associate
    2) (to cover with a bandage: The doctor bandaged the boy's foot.) bandage
    3) ((often with up, on etc) to put together or connect: The electrician joined the wires (up) wrongly; You must join this piece (on) to that piece; He joined the two stories together to make a play; The island is joined to the mainland by a sandbank at low tide.) join
    4) (to connect (two points) eg by a line, as in geometry: Join point A to point B.) join
    5) (to join together in one whole; to unite: They combined (forces) to fight the enemy; The chemist combined calcium and carbon.) combine
    6) (to join or be joined in some way; to tie or fasten or link together: He connected the radio to the mains; This road connects the two farms; a connecting link; This telephone line connects with the President.) connect
    7) (to associate in the mind: People tend to connect money with happiness.) connect
    8) (to join together: The coaches were coupled (together), and the train set off.) couple
    9) (to treat and bandage (wounds): He was sent home from hospital after his burns had been dressed.) dress
    10) (to connect as by a link: The new train service links the suburbs with the heart of the city.) link
    11) (to connect by telephone: I'm trying to put you through (to London).) put through
    * * *
    ver·bin·den *1
    ▪ jdn \verbinden to dress sb's wound[s]
    ▪ [jdm/sich] etw \verbinden to dress [sb's/one's] sth
    ver·bin·den *2
    I. vt
    ▪ etw [miteinander] \verbinden to join [up sep] sth
    ▪ etw [mit etw dat] \verbinden to join sth [to sth]
    ▪ jdn [mit jdm] \verbinden to put sb through [or connect sb] [to sb]
    falsch verbunden! [you've got the] wrong number!
    [ich] verbinde! I'll put [or I'm putting] you through, I'll connect you
    ▪ etw [miteinander] \verbinden to connect [or link] sth [with each other [or one another]]
    ▪ etw [mit etw dat] \verbinden to connect [or link] sth [with sth]
    ▪ etw [miteinander] \verbinden to combine sth [with each other [or one another]]
    ▪ etw [mit etw dat] \verbinden to combine sth [with sth]
    das Nützliche mit dem Angenehmen \verbinden to combine business with pleasure
    ▪ etw [mit etw dat] \verbinden to associate sth with sth
    ▪ der [o die] [o das] damit verbundene[n]... the... involved
    ▪ [mit etw dat] verbunden sein to involve [sth]
    ▪ jdn/etw [mit jdm] \verbinden to unite sb/sth [with sb]
    uns \verbinden lediglich Geschäftsinteressen we are business associates and nothing more
    II. vr
    ▪ sich akk [mit etw dat] \verbinden to combine [with sth]
    ▪ sich akk [mit jdm/etw] [zu etw dat] \verbinden to join forces [with sb/sth] [to form sth]
    sich akk [mit jdm/etw] zu einer Initiative \verbinden to join forces [with sb/sth] to form a pressure group
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) (bandagieren) bandage; dress

    jemandem/sich den Fuß verbinden — bandage or dress somebody's/one's foot

    jemanden/sich verbinden — dress somebody's/one's wounds

    2) (zubinden) bind

    mit verbundenen Augen — blindfold[ed]

    3) (zusammenfügen) join <wires, lengths of wood, etc.>; join up < dots>
    4) (zusammenhalten) hold < parts> together
    5) (in Beziehung bringen) connect ( durch by); link <towns, lakes, etc.> ( durch by)
    6) (verknüpfen) combine <abilities, qualities, etc.>

    die damit verbundenen Anstrengungen/Kosten — usw. the effort/cost etc. involved

    7) auch itr. (telefonisch)

    jemanden [mit jemandem] verbinden — put somebody through [to somebody]

    Moment, ich verbinde — one moment, I'll put you through

    9) (assoziieren) associate ( mit with)
    2.
    1) (auch Chemie) combine ( mit with)
    2) (sich zusammentun) join [together]; join forces
    3) (in Gedanken) be associated ( mit with)
    * * *
    verbinden (irr)
    A. v/t
    1. (zusammenbinden) tie (together); (Getrenntes) connect (
    mit with, to); (vereinigen) join, unite; (kombinieren) combine; → angenehm
    2.
    3. MED (Wunde) dress, bandage; (jemanden) bandage sb up
    4. TEL:
    jemanden verbinden put sb through (
    mit to);
    ich verbinde hold the line, please
    5. TECH connect, couple, link; CHEM combine; IT connect
    6. (assoziieren) associate
    uns verbindet vieles we have a lot in common;
    mich verbindet einiges mit dieser Gegend I have several ties with this area;
    was verbindet dich mit dieser Stadt? what connections do you have with this town?;
    die beiden verbindet eine enge Freundschaft they are bound by close friendship; → verbunden
    B. v/r combine ( auch CHEM), be combined;
    in ihm verbinden sich Kraft und Schnelligkeit etc he (bzw it) is a combination of power and speed etc;
    sich (mit jemandem) ehelich verbinden form enter into (holy) matrimony (with sb)
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) (bandagieren) bandage; dress

    jemandem/sich den Fuß verbinden — bandage or dress somebody's/one's foot

    jemanden/sich verbinden — dress somebody's/one's wounds

    2) (zubinden) bind

    mit verbundenen Augen — blindfold[ed]

    3) (zusammenfügen) join <wires, lengths of wood, etc.>; join up < dots>
    4) (zusammenhalten) hold < parts> together
    5) (in Beziehung bringen) connect ( durch by); link <towns, lakes, etc.> ( durch by)
    6) (verknüpfen) combine <abilities, qualities, etc.>

    die damit verbundenen Anstrengungen/Kosten — usw. the effort/cost etc. involved

    7) auch itr. (telefonisch)

    jemanden [mit jemandem] verbinden — put somebody through [to somebody]

    Moment, ich verbinde — one moment, I'll put you through

    9) (assoziieren) associate ( mit with)
    2.
    1) (auch Chemie) combine ( mit with)
    2) (sich zusammentun) join [together]; join forces
    3) (in Gedanken) be associated ( mit with)
    * * *
    n.
    connecting n.
    splicing n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > verbinden

  • 17 свързвам

    1. bind, tie together, fasten, connect
    (здраво) тех. brace
    ел. join up
    (за мост, път) connect
    свързвам две жп. линии connect two rail-way lines
    2. (no телефона) put through (с to)
    3. хим. combine
    4. печ. (страница) make up
    (книга) gather
    6. (установявам връзка между явления, представи) associate, couple (с with); relate (to)
    свързвам теорията с практиката bring theory and practice together
    свързвам думи в изречение put words together into a sentence
    свързвам съдбата си с throw/cast in o.'s lot with
    свързвам двата края вж. край
    7. (за жп. линии) junction, ( за път) connect
    8. хим. combine (с with)
    9. (no телефона) get in touch (с with), get on/through (с to), get (s.o. on the phone)
    10. (с хора) set in touch, communicate (с with), contact (s.o)
    (ставам съдружник) make o.s./become a partner (in s.th.)
    свързвам се чрез брак с become linked by marriage to
    свързвам се по-тясно с масите get/come into closer contact with the masses
    * * *
    свъ̀рзвам,
    гл.
    1. bind, tie together, fasten, connect; ( части на нещо) fit together; ( здраво) техн. brace; ел. join up; ( като във верига) concatenate; (за мост, път) connect;
    2. (по телефон) put through (c to);
    3. хим. combine;
    4. полигр. ( страница) make up; ( книга) gather;
    5. ( установявам връзка) put in touch (c with); ( създавам близки отношения между) bind together, bring close together;
    6. ( установявам връзка между явления, представи) associate, couple (c with); relate (to); \свързвам думи в изречение език. put words together into a sentence; \свързвам теорията с практиката bring theory and practice together;
    \свързвам се 1. (за жп линии) junction, (за път) connect;
    2. хим. combine (c with);
    3. (по телефона) get in touch (c with), get on/through (c to), get (s.o. on the phone);
    4. (с хора) get in touch, communicate (c with), contact (s.o.); ( влизам в отношения) associate (c with); ( ставам съдружник) make o.s./become a partner (in s.th.), hook up (с with); ( обвързвам се) bind o.s. ( чрез by); \свързвам се чрез брак с become linked by marriage to; • \свързвам съдбата си с throw/cast in o.’s lot with.
    * * *
    connect: A railway свързвамs the two towns. - Железен път свързва двата града.; bind ; tie (together); knot (с възел); lace (мор.); fasten ; cohere (се); contact: If there is something new свързвам their office. - Ако възникне нещо ново свържи се с офиса им.; unite (се и в брак); ally ; associate (тех.); colligate ; concatenate ; join {djoin}; join on ; mate {meit}; pack ; relate ; put through (по телефона); yoke
    * * *
    1. (no телефона) get in touch (c with), get on/through (c to), get (s.o. on the phone) 2. (no телефона) put through (c to) 3. (влизам в отношения) associate (c with) 4. (за жп. линии) junction, (за път) connect 5. (за мост, път) connect 6. (здраво) mex. brace 7. (книга) gather 8. (обвързвам се) bind o.s. (чрез by) 9. (с хора) set in touch, communicate (c with), contact (s.o) 10. (ставам съдружник) make o.s./become a partner (in s.th.) 11. (създавам близки отношения между) bind together, bring close together 12. (установявам връзка между явления, представи) associate, couple (с with);relate (to) 13. (установявам връзка с) put in touch (c with) 14. (части на нещо) fit together 15. bind, tie together, fasten, connect 16. СВЪРЗВАМ двата края вж. край 17. СВЪРЗВАМ две жп. линии connect two rail-way lines 18. СВЪРЗВАМ думи в изречение put words together into a sentence 19. СВЪРЗВАМ се 20. СВЪРЗВАМ се по-тясно с масите get/come into closer contact with the masses 21. СВЪРЗВАМ се чрез брак с become linked by marriage to 22. СВЪРЗВАМ съдбата си с throw/cast in o.'s lot with 23. СВЪРЗВАМ теорията с практиката bring theory and practice together 24. ел. join up 25. печ. (страница) make up 26. хим. combine 27. хим. combine (c with)

    Български-английски речник > свързвам

  • 18 Verbinden

    (unreg.)
    I v/t
    1. (zusammenbinden) tie (together); (Getrenntes) connect ( mit with, to); (vereinigen) join, unite; (kombinieren) combine; angenehm
    3. MED. (Wunde) dress, bandage; (jemanden) bandage s.o. up
    4. TELEF.: jemanden verbinden put s.o. through ( mit to); ich verbinde hold the line, please
    5. TECH. connect, couple, link; CHEM. combine; EDV connect
    6. (assoziieren) associate
    7. emotional: uns verbindet vieles we have a lot in common; mich verbindet einiges mit dieser Gegend I have several ties with this area; was verbindet dich mit dieser Stadt? what connections do you have with this town?; die beiden verbindet eine enge Freundschaft they are bound by close friendship; verbunden
    II v/refl combine (auch CHEM.), be combined; in ihm verbinden sich Kraft und Schnelligkeit etc. he (bzw. it) is a combination of power and speed etc.; sich ( mit jemandem) ehelich verbinden förm. enter into (holy) matrimony (with s.o.)
    * * *
    (Telefon) to connect; to put through;
    (Wunde) to dress; to bandage; to strap;
    (kombinieren) to link; to associate; to combine; to link up;
    (vereinigen) to conjoin; to join; to unite;
    (zusammenbinden) to bind together; to bind; to tie;
    sich verbinden
    to conjoin; to unite; to ally; to connect
    * * *
    ver|bịn|den ptp verbu\#nden irreg [fɛɐ'bʊndn]
    1. vt
    1) (MED) to dress; (mit Binden) to bandage
    2) (= verknüpfen, in Kontakt bringen) (lit, fig) to connect, to link; Punkte to join (up)
    3) (TELEC)

    ich verbinde! — I'll put you through, I'll connect you

    (Sie sind hier leider) falsch verbunden! — (I'm sorry, you've got the) wrong number!

    4) (= gleichzeitig haben or tun, anschließen) to combine
    5) (= assoziieren) to associate
    6)

    (= mit sich bringen) mit etw verbunden sein — to involve sth

    die damit verbundenen Kosten/Gefahren etc — the costs/dangers etc involved

    7) (emotional) Menschen to unite, to join together

    freundschaftlich/in Liebe verbunden sein (geh) — to be united or joined together in friendship/love

    2. vr
    1) (= zusammenkommen) to combine (AUCH CHEM) (mit with, zu to form), to join (together); (= sich zusammentun) to join forces

    sich ehelich/in Liebe/Freundschaft verbinden (geh) — to join together in marriage/love/friendship

    2) (= assoziiert werden) to be associated; (= hervorgerufen werden) to be evoked (mit by)
    3. vi
    (emotional) to form a bond
    * * *
    1) (to connect in the mind: He always associated the smell of tobacco with his father.) associate
    2) (to cover with a bandage: The doctor bandaged the boy's foot.) bandage
    3) ((often with up, on etc) to put together or connect: The electrician joined the wires (up) wrongly; You must join this piece (on) to that piece; He joined the two stories together to make a play; The island is joined to the mainland by a sandbank at low tide.) join
    4) (to connect (two points) eg by a line, as in geometry: Join point A to point B.) join
    5) (to join together in one whole; to unite: They combined (forces) to fight the enemy; The chemist combined calcium and carbon.) combine
    6) (to join or be joined in some way; to tie or fasten or link together: He connected the radio to the mains; This road connects the two farms; a connecting link; This telephone line connects with the President.) connect
    7) (to associate in the mind: People tend to connect money with happiness.) connect
    8) (to join together: The coaches were coupled (together), and the train set off.) couple
    9) (to treat and bandage (wounds): He was sent home from hospital after his burns had been dressed.) dress
    10) (to connect as by a link: The new train service links the suburbs with the heart of the city.) link
    11) (to connect by telephone: I'm trying to put you through (to London).) put through
    * * *
    ver·bin·den *1
    ▪ jdn \verbinden to dress sb's wound[s]
    ▪ [jdm/sich] etw \verbinden to dress [sb's/one's] sth
    ver·bin·den *2
    I. vt
    ▪ etw [miteinander] \verbinden to join [up sep] sth
    ▪ etw [mit etw dat] \verbinden to join sth [to sth]
    ▪ jdn [mit jdm] \verbinden to put sb through [or connect sb] [to sb]
    falsch verbunden! [you've got the] wrong number!
    [ich] verbinde! I'll put [or I'm putting] you through, I'll connect you
    ▪ etw [miteinander] \verbinden to connect [or link] sth [with each other [or one another]]
    ▪ etw [mit etw dat] \verbinden to connect [or link] sth [with sth]
    ▪ etw [miteinander] \verbinden to combine sth [with each other [or one another]]
    ▪ etw [mit etw dat] \verbinden to combine sth [with sth]
    das Nützliche mit dem Angenehmen \verbinden to combine business with pleasure
    ▪ etw [mit etw dat] \verbinden to associate sth with sth
    ▪ der [o die] [o das] damit verbundene[n]... the... involved
    ▪ [mit etw dat] verbunden sein to involve [sth]
    ▪ jdn/etw [mit jdm] \verbinden to unite sb/sth [with sb]
    uns \verbinden lediglich Geschäftsinteressen we are business associates and nothing more
    II. vr
    ▪ sich akk [mit etw dat] \verbinden to combine [with sth]
    ▪ sich akk [mit jdm/etw] [zu etw dat] \verbinden to join forces [with sb/sth] [to form sth]
    sich akk [mit jdm/etw] zu einer Initiative \verbinden to join forces [with sb/sth] to form a pressure group
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) (bandagieren) bandage; dress

    jemandem/sich den Fuß verbinden — bandage or dress somebody's/one's foot

    jemanden/sich verbinden — dress somebody's/one's wounds

    2) (zubinden) bind

    mit verbundenen Augen — blindfold[ed]

    3) (zusammenfügen) join <wires, lengths of wood, etc.>; join up < dots>
    4) (zusammenhalten) hold < parts> together
    5) (in Beziehung bringen) connect ( durch by); link <towns, lakes, etc.> ( durch by)
    6) (verknüpfen) combine <abilities, qualities, etc.>

    die damit verbundenen Anstrengungen/Kosten — usw. the effort/cost etc. involved

    7) auch itr. (telefonisch)

    jemanden [mit jemandem] verbinden — put somebody through [to somebody]

    Moment, ich verbinde — one moment, I'll put you through

    9) (assoziieren) associate ( mit with)
    2.
    1) (auch Chemie) combine ( mit with)
    2) (sich zusammentun) join [together]; join forces
    3) (in Gedanken) be associated ( mit with)
    * * *
    Verbinden n; -s, kein pl; IT connection, linking
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) (bandagieren) bandage; dress

    jemandem/sich den Fuß verbinden — bandage or dress somebody's/one's foot

    jemanden/sich verbinden — dress somebody's/one's wounds

    2) (zubinden) bind

    mit verbundenen Augen — blindfold[ed]

    3) (zusammenfügen) join <wires, lengths of wood, etc.>; join up < dots>
    4) (zusammenhalten) hold < parts> together
    5) (in Beziehung bringen) connect ( durch by); link <towns, lakes, etc.> ( durch by)
    6) (verknüpfen) combine <abilities, qualities, etc.>

    die damit verbundenen Anstrengungen/Kosten — usw. the effort/cost etc. involved

    7) auch itr. (telefonisch)

    jemanden [mit jemandem] verbinden — put somebody through [to somebody]

    Moment, ich verbinde — one moment, I'll put you through

    9) (assoziieren) associate ( mit with)
    2.
    1) (auch Chemie) combine ( mit with)
    2) (sich zusammentun) join [together]; join forces
    3) (in Gedanken) be associated ( mit with)
    * * *
    n.
    connecting n.
    splicing n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Verbinden

  • 19 соединять

    1) General subject: adjoin, agglutinate, alley, ally, amalgamate, articulate, associate, bander, coapt, combine, commingle, compact, compaginate, compound, conjoin, conjugate, connect, couple, ferruminate (металл), fuse, hurl together, identify, incorporate, inosculate, interlace, interlock, join, joint, knit, leash, link, lock (пальцы, руки), marry, mix, pair, pan, piece (в единое целое, тж. piece together), piece together, put on (по телефону), put through (по телефону), put together, reunite, shackle, sleeve (при помощи муфты, патрубка), solder, syncretize (особ. противоречивые, несовместимые теории), tack, tag (что-либо), tie in, twin, unite, weave, wed, wire, yoke, integrate, knit together (ся), interjoin, (ся) merge
    2) Computers: gather
    4) Naval: hook-up, seam
    5) Medicine: aggregate, appose, band, bond
    6) Colloquial: thwack
    7) Obsolete: enchain, re-join (вновь)
    8) Military: engage, (нарукавная) patch (с), pin, span (пролетом, мостом)
    9) Engineering: affix, attach, bring on, bring upon, coalesce, concatenate (в цепочку), fasten, hook up, interlink, juxtapose (в логике), link up, tie
    10) Bookish: concatenate (воедино), syncretize (особ. противоречивые, несовместимые теории и т.п.)
    11) Agriculture: juncture
    12) Rare: complect, conflate
    15) Mathematics: confound, join (together), juxtapose, pool
    17) Law: affix (с недвижимостью)
    18) Economy: commingle (инвестиционные средства вкладчиков; ценные бумаги брокера и клиента)
    20) Automobile industry: bridge, connect up, draw together
    21) Architecture: piazza together, pick
    22) Mining: associate (ся), run
    23) Diplomatic term: merge (банки, предприятия и т.п.)
    25) Psychology: synthesize
    27) Oil: ticket on, tie on
    28) Communications: connect (по телефону)
    29) Horticulture: graff, graft, grafter
    30) Business: couple together, cumulate
    31) Household appliances: splice
    33) Oil&Gas technology interconnect
    34) Microelectronics: gang
    35) Automation: bind, brace, harness, (под) lock in, cut in
    36) Telephony: (с кем-л.) put through (Can you put me through with them? - Можете соединить меня с ними?)
    37) Makarov: appose (напр. края раны), blend, cohere, couple (попарно), cut in (напр. электрическую цепь), dovetail, give (с абонентом), glue, link link to, lump (разные вещи), lump together (разные вещи), on, piece together (целое из частей), sequester, tack to, tack together, connect to, connect with
    38) Electrical engineering: splice (внахлёстку)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > соединять

  • 20 Join

    v. trans.
    Unite: P. and V. συνάπτειν, συναρμόζειν, συνδεῖν, V. συναρτᾶν.
    In marriage: P. and V. συζευγνύναι (Xen.), V. ζευγνύναι; see Marry.
    Hold together: P. and V. συνέχειν.
    Join battle ( with): P. and V. εἰς χεῖρας ἔρχεσθαι (dat.). συμβάλλειν (dat.), V. μάχην συμβάλλειν (dat.), μάχην συνάπτειν (dat.), εἰς ἀγῶνα συμπίπτειν (dat.), Ar. and V. συνίστασθαι (dat.); see Engage.
    Join issue with: see under Issue.
    Associate oneself with: P. and V. προστίθεσθαι (dat.).
    Join as ally: P. προσχωρεῖν (dat.), ὅπλα θέσθαι μετά (gen.); see side with.
    Meet: P. and V. συναντᾶν (dat.) (Xen. also Ar.); meet.
    Of detachments joining a main body: P. συμμιγνύναι (dat.), συμμίσγειν (dat.), προσμιγνύναι (dat.).
    From Leucas Cnemus and his ships from that quarter, which were to have joined these, only reached Cyllene after the battle at Stratus: P. ἀπὸ Λευκάδος Κνῆμος καὶ αἱ ἐκεῖθεν νῆες, ἃς ἔδει ταύταις συμμῖξαι, ἀφικνοῦνται μετὰ τὴν ἐν Στράτῳ μάχην εἰς τὴν Κυλλήνην (Thuc. 2, 84).
    V. intrans. Come together: P. and V. συνέρχεσθαι.
    Join in, take part in: P. and V. μεταλαμβάνειν (gen.), μετέχειν (gen.), κοινωνεῖν (gen.); see Share.
    Join in doing a thing: in compounds use P. and V. συν.
    Join in saving: P. and V. συσσώζειν.
    It is mine to join not in hating but in loving: V. οὔτοι συνέχθειν ἀλλὰ συμφιλεῖν ἔφυν (Soph., Ant. 523).
    It is mine to join in wise measures, not insane: V. συσσωφρονεῖν γὰρ οὐχὶ συννοσεῖν ἔφυν (Eur., I.A. 407).
    Join with, ally oneself with: Ar. and P. συνίστασθαι μετά (gen.); see side with.

    Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Join

Страницы

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